HS9/1540/1
Copy for S.O.E. N
BSS/A
D/CE5
SECRET R.V.P.S. 14-4-44 and 15-4-44.
19.743 Y. Box 4882
DE VOS, Pieter alias DAINTY, Peter alias DE GRAAFF, Johannes Cornelis.
Nationality: Dutch.
Born: 20-5-24 Soest.
Occupation: Science Student.
2nd Report
1.
In view of the potentialities of this case DE VOS Organisation and resistance activities have been gone into again in considerable detail.
Fire Brigade Situation.
2.
DE VOS position as a member of the Soest Fire Brigade is, unfortunately, not particularly clear in the first report. It is true that DE VOS volunteered as a member of this Brigade on the day of the German invasion (10-5-40) and remained on the records of this Force until approximately August, 1943. In view of DE VOS' age his situation was perfectly legal without any other documents than his normal Identity card as a student until 1943.
3.
On the 6-2-43 there was a large scale round up of students for labour conscription for Germany which DE VOS managed to avoid. he then took steps to obtain a special Fire Brigade stamp on his Identity Card verifying his membership of this Force for the purpose of legitimation during curfew hours. At the time DE VOS
… / continued.
BSS/A
D/CE5
SECRET R.V.P.S. 14-4-44 and 15-4-44.
19.743 Y. Box 4882
DE VOS, Pieter alias DAINTY, Peter alias DE GRAAFF, Johannes Cornelis.
Nationality: Dutch.
Born: 20-5-24 Soest.
Occupation: Science Student.
2nd Report
1.
In view of the potentialities of this case DE VOS Organisation and resistance activities have been gone into again in considerable detail.
Fire Brigade Situation.
2.
DE VOS position as a member of the Soest Fire Brigade is, unfortunately, not particularly clear in the first report. It is true that DE VOS volunteered as a member of this Brigade on the day of the German invasion (10-5-40) and remained on the records of this Force until approximately August, 1943. In view of DE VOS' age his situation was perfectly legal without any other documents than his normal Identity card as a student until 1943.
3.
On the 6-2-43 there was a large scale round up of students for labour conscription for Germany which DE VOS managed to avoid. he then took steps to obtain a special Fire Brigade stamp on his Identity Card verifying his membership of this Force for the purpose of legitimation during curfew hours. At the time DE VOS
… / continued.
19.743.
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
get this stamp on his card he was already liable for labour conscription as a student and it would have been impossible for him to get this without the connivance of the Sub-Commander of the local Fire Brigade. In order to regularise this situation DE VOS arranged for his occupation to be altered to that of farm labourer by VAN FLEUTEN (of. para.13 of the first report). The statement that the fire Brigade stamp was issued by the Chief of the Fire Brigade at The Hague is true only insofar as the department of "Hoofdbrandweerwezen" of The Hague issued these stamps in bulk to local Forces though the stamps were affixed to Identity Cards locally. Soest for example requisitioned about 100 such stamps.
4.
Some time in May, 1943 the Vorlaüfige Ausweise were issued for firemen in connection with labour conscription. The holding of such an Ausweis was sufficient for exemption and enabled too bearer to report to the labour Offices to have his ration card (Stamkaart) stamped in order that he could continue to draw rations; this Ausweis would not have granted exemption to a student however. The form of the Ausweis was a yellow folded thin paper, size about 14 cms x 7 cms when open, printed in German and issued by the "Staatsbosbeheer" at Utrecht and from the perforated edge it was obvious that these were torn off a Block. though DE VOS cannot remember whether they were numbered or not.
5.
As this check failed to produce the expected member of labour conscription for the German authorities these Vorläufige Ausweise were withdrawn within at most 3 months of issue and were replaced only after the most careful verification by permanent Firemens Ausweise. This cover as a member of the Fire Brigade then became useless to DE VOS and he was compelled to go into illegal residence in August, 1943. As already mentioned this merely amounted in DE VOS' case to moving from one floor of his quarteers in Amsterdam to another floor in the same building.
6.
At this time DE VOS temporarily got the date of
… /continue
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
get this stamp on his card he was already liable for labour conscription as a student and it would have been impossible for him to get this without the connivance of the Sub-Commander of the local Fire Brigade. In order to regularise this situation DE VOS arranged for his occupation to be altered to that of farm labourer by VAN FLEUTEN (of. para.13 of the first report). The statement that the fire Brigade stamp was issued by the Chief of the Fire Brigade at The Hague is true only insofar as the department of "Hoofdbrandweerwezen" of The Hague issued these stamps in bulk to local Forces though the stamps were affixed to Identity Cards locally. Soest for example requisitioned about 100 such stamps.
4.
Some time in May, 1943 the Vorlaüfige Ausweise were issued for firemen in connection with labour conscription. The holding of such an Ausweis was sufficient for exemption and enabled too bearer to report to the labour Offices to have his ration card (Stamkaart) stamped in order that he could continue to draw rations; this Ausweis would not have granted exemption to a student however. The form of the Ausweis was a yellow folded thin paper, size about 14 cms x 7 cms when open, printed in German and issued by the "Staatsbosbeheer" at Utrecht and from the perforated edge it was obvious that these were torn off a Block. though DE VOS cannot remember whether they were numbered or not.
5.
As this check failed to produce the expected member of labour conscription for the German authorities these Vorläufige Ausweise were withdrawn within at most 3 months of issue and were replaced only after the most careful verification by permanent Firemens Ausweise. This cover as a member of the Fire Brigade then became useless to DE VOS and he was compelled to go into illegal residence in August, 1943. As already mentioned this merely amounted in DE VOS' case to moving from one floor of his quarteers in Amsterdam to another floor in the same building.
6.
At this time DE VOS temporarily got the date of
… /continue
19.743. - 3 -
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
birth on his Identity Card altered by [redacted] Organisation (of.para.37 first report) but, as this became too obvious, he obtained a new Identity Card as soon as possible could, as mentioned at para.38 of the first report).
Sabotage connected with Soest Fire Brigade (of.para.18, first report).
7.
DE VOS is ignorant as to any sabotage Organisation connections with the man KROON to whom phosphorus bombs were given for sabotage purposes. This man had formerly been a sergeant-instructor in the Sappers and DE VOS did not know him very well personally and had no very great confidence in him. He merely followed the example of other members of the Fire Brigade any supplying KROON.
8.
DE VOS' own attitude to sabotage activities was, that unless sabotage could be carried out by a well established Organisation, which was prepared to carry out a well developed plan and policy with regard to sabotage , and be prepared to take the responsibility for its actions in minor acts of sabotage by independent operators it would be both useless and damaging to the interests of the Dutch population. He and his immediate circle of acquaintances left the subject of sabotage severely alone.
Connection with 'TROUW'.
9.
It should be made clear that, apart from holidays and occasional visits to Soest, DE VOS had his permanent address in Amsterdam. He became acquainted with RUELANDSCHAP at the beginning of 1942. It was, however, not until March 1943 that REULANSCHAP put DE VOS in touch with Pierre JANSEN for whom DE VOS carried out distribution of the clandestine newspaper 'TROUW'.
10.
De VOS used to travel regularly from Amsterdam to Heerlen to collect the copies of this paper which he then distributed in Amsterdam, Utrecht and Soest; he carried on this work until about the end of July, 1943 when he gave it up in anticipation of his own departure for this country and handed over his own section of the distribution work to REULANDSCHAP.
… /continued.
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
birth on his Identity Card altered by [redacted] Organisation (of.para.37 first report) but, as this became too obvious, he obtained a new Identity Card as soon as possible could, as mentioned at para.38 of the first report).
Sabotage connected with Soest Fire Brigade (of.para.18, first report).
7.
DE VOS is ignorant as to any sabotage Organisation connections with the man KROON to whom phosphorus bombs were given for sabotage purposes. This man had formerly been a sergeant-instructor in the Sappers and DE VOS did not know him very well personally and had no very great confidence in him. He merely followed the example of other members of the Fire Brigade any supplying KROON.
8.
DE VOS' own attitude to sabotage activities was, that unless sabotage could be carried out by a well established Organisation, which was prepared to carry out a well developed plan and policy with regard to sabotage , and be prepared to take the responsibility for its actions in minor acts of sabotage by independent operators it would be both useless and damaging to the interests of the Dutch population. He and his immediate circle of acquaintances left the subject of sabotage severely alone.
Connection with 'TROUW'.
9.
It should be made clear that, apart from holidays and occasional visits to Soest, DE VOS had his permanent address in Amsterdam. He became acquainted with RUELANDSCHAP at the beginning of 1942. It was, however, not until March 1943 that REULANSCHAP put DE VOS in touch with Pierre JANSEN for whom DE VOS carried out distribution of the clandestine newspaper 'TROUW'.
10.
De VOS used to travel regularly from Amsterdam to Heerlen to collect the copies of this paper which he then distributed in Amsterdam, Utrecht and Soest; he carried on this work until about the end of July, 1943 when he gave it up in anticipation of his own departure for this country and handed over his own section of the distribution work to REULANDSCHAP.
… /continued.
19.743. - 4 -
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
DE VOS understands, however, that shortly after this ROELANDSCHAP had some domestic trouble with Pierre JANSEN and the 'TROUW' Organisation and it is possible that he is no longer working with them.
11.
DE VOS' only subsequently contact with JANSEN and 'TROUW' concerned [redacted] whom he suggested to JANSEN as a likely recruit for Organisation work.
12.
The following comments on the diagram at page 4 of the report at 16A in this file are, consequently relevant.
13.
In view of the fact that DE VOS' regular contact with 'TROUW' ceased in July, 1943, i.e. before he himself was in tough with VAN DAM alias VAN BEEKHUIS, it is very outside possibility that VAN DAM could have traced DE VOS' connection with Pierre Jansen. According to DE VOS the only possible method by which VAN DAM could trace this connection would have been as shown on page 3 of the report at 16A through [redacted] to [redacted] and thence to JANSEN.
14.
However, DE VOS has heard from [redacted] by letter since his departure from Holland that [redacted] has been arrested, though as DE VOS knows no details it is impossible to --- as to whether this might be due to VAN DAM or not.
15.
Furthermore, in view of ROELANDSCHAP's estrangement from JANSEN, even should VAN DAM succeed in tracing JANSEN the possibilities of his penetrating the sub-distributers through ROELANSCHAP are even more remote. De VOS can, unfortunately, give no information about JANSEN's superiors in the 'TROUW' Organisation indicated at 16A as COR and ADRIE.
DE VOS' initial escape ventures - [redacted], KROLL and [redacted].
16.
DE VOS confirms the manner in which, through his best friend [redacted] he contacted KROLL and [redacted] in June, 1943.
… /continued.
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
DE VOS understands, however, that shortly after this ROELANDSCHAP had some domestic trouble with Pierre JANSEN and the 'TROUW' Organisation and it is possible that he is no longer working with them.
11.
DE VOS' only subsequently contact with JANSEN and 'TROUW' concerned [redacted] whom he suggested to JANSEN as a likely recruit for Organisation work.
12.
The following comments on the diagram at page 4 of the report at 16A in this file are, consequently relevant.
13.
In view of the fact that DE VOS' regular contact with 'TROUW' ceased in July, 1943, i.e. before he himself was in tough with VAN DAM alias VAN BEEKHUIS, it is very outside possibility that VAN DAM could have traced DE VOS' connection with Pierre Jansen. According to DE VOS the only possible method by which VAN DAM could trace this connection would have been as shown on page 3 of the report at 16A through [redacted] to [redacted] and thence to JANSEN.
14.
However, DE VOS has heard from [redacted] by letter since his departure from Holland that [redacted] has been arrested, though as DE VOS knows no details it is impossible to --- as to whether this might be due to VAN DAM or not.
15.
Furthermore, in view of ROELANDSCHAP's estrangement from JANSEN, even should VAN DAM succeed in tracing JANSEN the possibilities of his penetrating the sub-distributers through ROELANSCHAP are even more remote. De VOS can, unfortunately, give no information about JANSEN's superiors in the 'TROUW' Organisation indicated at 16A as COR and ADRIE.
DE VOS' initial escape ventures - [redacted], KROLL and [redacted].
16.
DE VOS confirms the manner in which, through his best friend [redacted] he contacted KROLL and [redacted] in June, 1943.
… /continued.
19.743. - 5 -
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
17.
Concerning [redacted] DE VOS in reply to questioning, states that his brother was during the war an officer of the Dutch Military Intelligence G.S.III with the rank of either Captain or Major. [redacted] Snr. has been married three times, being the son of his first marriage; his mother died at [redacted]'s birth. [redacted]'s second wife and two children of that marriage are living at Oegstgeest. [redacted] with his third wife and her child are living at [redacted] where [redacted] has his practice as a notary.
18.
According to DE VOS [redacted], is the only notary he knows and certainly the only one of that name in the districts of [redacted]. There is thus every possibility that he is identical with the subject of the trace at 18A (2).
19.
On the subject of [redacted]'s politics, DE VOS claims he believes he is strongly Conservative.
20.
Among [redacted]'s former clients is PANHUYS of Madrid with whom it was expected [redacted] would immediately establish contact on his arrival in Spain. DE VOS believes that [redacted]'s superior in the G.S.III hierarchy was a Colonel [redacted] now in the United Kingdom, for whom [redacted] had a recognition password to introduce himself on arrival in the UK.
21.
On the subject of [redacted] DE VOS gave the following information:-
22.
This man is a doctor of medecine who, together with another doctor has a surgery at [redacted] DE VOS noted that [redacted]'s furniture at his home in the Nieuwe Prinsengracht was new and it is, consequently, quite possible that [redacted] had only just moved to that address. [redacted] claims to heave been in touch with Allied agents from the UK. it thus cannot be said that identity between [redacted] and the [redacted] signalled as a Gestapo Agent in the latter at 22A has been established. As far as age goes DE VOS agrees that [redacted] could be as old as 30 0r 31 so
… /continued
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
17.
Concerning [redacted] DE VOS in reply to questioning, states that his brother was during the war an officer of the Dutch Military Intelligence G.S.III with the rank of either Captain or Major. [redacted] Snr. has been married three times, being the son of his first marriage; his mother died at [redacted]'s birth. [redacted]'s second wife and two children of that marriage are living at Oegstgeest. [redacted] with his third wife and her child are living at [redacted] where [redacted] has his practice as a notary.
18.
According to DE VOS [redacted], is the only notary he knows and certainly the only one of that name in the districts of [redacted]. There is thus every possibility that he is identical with the subject of the trace at 18A (2).
19.
On the subject of [redacted]'s politics, DE VOS claims he believes he is strongly Conservative.
20.
Among [redacted]'s former clients is PANHUYS of Madrid with whom it was expected [redacted] would immediately establish contact on his arrival in Spain. DE VOS believes that [redacted]'s superior in the G.S.III hierarchy was a Colonel [redacted] now in the United Kingdom, for whom [redacted] had a recognition password to introduce himself on arrival in the UK.
21.
On the subject of [redacted] DE VOS gave the following information:-
22.
This man is a doctor of medecine who, together with another doctor has a surgery at [redacted] DE VOS noted that [redacted]'s furniture at his home in the Nieuwe Prinsengracht was new and it is, consequently, quite possible that [redacted] had only just moved to that address. [redacted] claims to heave been in touch with Allied agents from the UK. it thus cannot be said that identity between [redacted] and the [redacted] signalled as a Gestapo Agent in the latter at 22A has been established. As far as age goes DE VOS agrees that [redacted] could be as old as 30 0r 31 so
… /continued
19.743. - 6 -
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
the possibility of identity with [redacted] cannot be ignored.
23.
KNOLL after making the abortive journey to Perpignan arrived back in Holland in July 1943.
Connections with DE VRIES and [redacted].
24.
DE VRIES it should be pointed out is not an inspector of police but only an Agent 1st Class or 'Brigadier'. DE VOS has no idea how DE VRIES managed to obtain the metal copies of the two stamps of the Fliegerhorstkommandantur Soesterberg and of the Luftwaffe Bauleitung but explains that after getting [redacted]'s Ausweis giving access to the aerodrome photo-copied by a film in the Wolvenstraat in Amsterdam but gave one copy to [redacted] to get blank form copied and gave another copy to DE VRIES for the purpose of getting the rubber stamps copied, which DE VRIES got executed in metal. With the aid of these stamps too he forged a copy of the typewritten certificate which [redacted] had given him access to restricted areas. DE VOS cannot say how [redacted] managed to get the blank form printed from the photograph and does not know which printer might have carried this work out.
25.
Before leaving Holland DE VOS introduced VAN DAM alias BEEKHUIS to [redacted]. He gave [redacted] VAN DAM's address so that [redacted] would be able to maintain contact with VAN DAM but there was no means whereby VAN DAM would be able to contact [redacted] from his side as far as is known to DE VOS.
26.
[redacted] and DE VOS have a mutual friend named [redacted] who, though originally from Soest where his parents live at [redacted], is now living in hiding at Laren (Noord-Holland) where he and [redacted] are in touch with a large Organisation allegedly constituting 3000 members which accommodated students, Jews and political refugees in hiding. [redacted]'s immediate superior in this organisation was an [redacted] of the Laren Police and also connected with the Organisation was an official of the Labour Office of Hilversum who, at the end of October or the beginning of November was arrested in a train in possession of several thousands of Ausweise which he was converting
… /continued.
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
the possibility of identity with [redacted] cannot be ignored.
23.
KNOLL after making the abortive journey to Perpignan arrived back in Holland in July 1943.
Connections with DE VRIES and [redacted].
24.
DE VRIES it should be pointed out is not an inspector of police but only an Agent 1st Class or 'Brigadier'. DE VOS has no idea how DE VRIES managed to obtain the metal copies of the two stamps of the Fliegerhorstkommandantur Soesterberg and of the Luftwaffe Bauleitung but explains that after getting [redacted]'s Ausweis giving access to the aerodrome photo-copied by a film in the Wolvenstraat in Amsterdam but gave one copy to [redacted] to get blank form copied and gave another copy to DE VRIES for the purpose of getting the rubber stamps copied, which DE VRIES got executed in metal. With the aid of these stamps too he forged a copy of the typewritten certificate which [redacted] had given him access to restricted areas. DE VOS cannot say how [redacted] managed to get the blank form printed from the photograph and does not know which printer might have carried this work out.
25.
Before leaving Holland DE VOS introduced VAN DAM alias BEEKHUIS to [redacted]. He gave [redacted] VAN DAM's address so that [redacted] would be able to maintain contact with VAN DAM but there was no means whereby VAN DAM would be able to contact [redacted] from his side as far as is known to DE VOS.
26.
[redacted] and DE VOS have a mutual friend named [redacted] who, though originally from Soest where his parents live at [redacted], is now living in hiding at Laren (Noord-Holland) where he and [redacted] are in touch with a large Organisation allegedly constituting 3000 members which accommodated students, Jews and political refugees in hiding. [redacted]'s immediate superior in this organisation was an [redacted] of the Laren Police and also connected with the Organisation was an official of the Labour Office of Hilversum who, at the end of October or the beginning of November was arrested in a train in possession of several thousands of Ausweise which he was converting
… /continued.
19.743. - 7 -
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
for illegal use. [redacted] himself was arrested at the beginning of November, 1943 with 200 propaganda booklets in his possession. DE VOS claims that this incident was mentioned in 'Vrij Nederland'.
27.
It was with the assistance of the [redacted] and subsequently took up his work with JANSEN. [redacted] was originally a student mining engineer who lived at Bloemendaal next to to [redacted]. DE VOS managed to persuade him to give up his employment at the mine MAURITS in Limburg on the grounds that this work was aiding the German war effort.
VAN DAM alias VAN BEEKHUIS.
28.
DE VOS' friend [redacted] was with DE VOS when he made VAN DAM's acquaintance but DE VOS has no reason to suppose that [redacted] has had any dealings with VAN DAM since. DE VOS is unable to assess the extent of the contact between VAN DAM and DE KOCK by whom DE VOS was introduced.
29.
Concerning the Belgian Identity Card obtained for DE VOS by DE KOCK, DE VOS believes that this Identity Card was a genuine one being copied from an original entry in the official register of the Commune of issue with DE VOS' own photograph affixed but care having been taken beforehand that there was similarity between DE VOS' photograph and tint of the genuine bearer. DE VOS' card was in the name of Marcel VAN BOOT, the card being issued in the commune of Maroinelle near Charleroi, the profession being given as shirt-maker and tailor; DE VOS believes that the card showed a change of address to an address in Yxelles.
30.
When it was pointed out to DE VOS that it would be difficult to reconeile this address with the issue of the card in Marcinelle he admitted he was a little hasy about this and it was quite possible that the Ixelles address was that of the last previous residence shown on the card.
31.
It seems reasonable certain that VAN DAM alias VAN BEEKHUIS must be identical with one of the subjects of the adverse trace at 18A (4). From the circumstances that VAN DAM
… /continued.
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
for illegal use. [redacted] himself was arrested at the beginning of November, 1943 with 200 propaganda booklets in his possession. DE VOS claims that this incident was mentioned in 'Vrij Nederland'.
27.
It was with the assistance of the [redacted] and subsequently took up his work with JANSEN. [redacted] was originally a student mining engineer who lived at Bloemendaal next to to [redacted]. DE VOS managed to persuade him to give up his employment at the mine MAURITS in Limburg on the grounds that this work was aiding the German war effort.
VAN DAM alias VAN BEEKHUIS.
28.
DE VOS' friend [redacted] was with DE VOS when he made VAN DAM's acquaintance but DE VOS has no reason to suppose that [redacted] has had any dealings with VAN DAM since. DE VOS is unable to assess the extent of the contact between VAN DAM and DE KOCK by whom DE VOS was introduced.
29.
Concerning the Belgian Identity Card obtained for DE VOS by DE KOCK, DE VOS believes that this Identity Card was a genuine one being copied from an original entry in the official register of the Commune of issue with DE VOS' own photograph affixed but care having been taken beforehand that there was similarity between DE VOS' photograph and tint of the genuine bearer. DE VOS' card was in the name of Marcel VAN BOOT, the card being issued in the commune of Maroinelle near Charleroi, the profession being given as shirt-maker and tailor; DE VOS believes that the card showed a change of address to an address in Yxelles.
30.
When it was pointed out to DE VOS that it would be difficult to reconeile this address with the issue of the card in Marcinelle he admitted he was a little hasy about this and it was quite possible that the Ixelles address was that of the last previous residence shown on the card.
31.
It seems reasonable certain that VAN DAM alias VAN BEEKHUIS must be identical with one of the subjects of the adverse trace at 18A (4). From the circumstances that VAN DAM
… /continued.
19.743. - 8 -
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
used both names it would appear possible that both the subjects of 18A (4) are one individual operating under both names.
32.
I cannot see that it can be regarded as in any way established that VAN DAM is identical with George VAN VLIET alias George RIDDERHOF; VAN DAM obviously had three satellites whom DE VOS met. One of these was [redacted] who professed to DE VOS that as he found things getting too hot for him there he intended to go to Brussels where he had contacts with the 'WITTE BRIGADE'. DE VOS got the impression that [redacted] was either a low-class clerk or a labourer.
33.
Another of these assistance was VAN OORD - he too is a labourer type whose age might be anything between 40 and 50. DE VOS believes that he was employed at a Distribution Office.
34.
The third of VAN DAM's assistants whom DE VOS met was KLAAS who made the journey to the Pyrenees through the STRENGERS Organisation and returned to Holland. VAN DAM constantly claimed to have a transmitter at his disposal in contact with the UK and professes that this transmitter was within 300 yards of the address in the Valkenboschkade in The Hague. Despite having this transmitter at his disposal VAN DAM was continually urging DE VOS to find another one for him to replace the one at Delfzijl which had been cleaned up.
35.
It was in response to VAN DAM's suggestion in this connection that DE VOS proposed that [redacted] should come to the UK on VAN DAM's behalf to ask for a transmitter and codes to be sent to him. DE VOS understood that [redacted] was given instructions direct by VAN DAM concerning this mission. There seems little doubt that the idea of KLAAS accompanying [redacted] as far as the Pyrenees and then coming back to report progress was merely a very thin cover for a penetration attempt at VAN DAM's instigation of the STRENGERS Organisation.
36.
DE VOS now states that it is possible that KLAAS left Holland even earlier than the 18-10-1943. He learned that KLAAS got to the Pyrenees via Istres. VAN DAM returned from --ris
… /continued.
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
used both names it would appear possible that both the subjects of 18A (4) are one individual operating under both names.
32.
I cannot see that it can be regarded as in any way established that VAN DAM is identical with George VAN VLIET alias George RIDDERHOF; VAN DAM obviously had three satellites whom DE VOS met. One of these was [redacted] who professed to DE VOS that as he found things getting too hot for him there he intended to go to Brussels where he had contacts with the 'WITTE BRIGADE'. DE VOS got the impression that [redacted] was either a low-class clerk or a labourer.
33.
Another of these assistance was VAN OORD - he too is a labourer type whose age might be anything between 40 and 50. DE VOS believes that he was employed at a Distribution Office.
34.
The third of VAN DAM's assistants whom DE VOS met was KLAAS who made the journey to the Pyrenees through the STRENGERS Organisation and returned to Holland. VAN DAM constantly claimed to have a transmitter at his disposal in contact with the UK and professes that this transmitter was within 300 yards of the address in the Valkenboschkade in The Hague. Despite having this transmitter at his disposal VAN DAM was continually urging DE VOS to find another one for him to replace the one at Delfzijl which had been cleaned up.
35.
It was in response to VAN DAM's suggestion in this connection that DE VOS proposed that [redacted] should come to the UK on VAN DAM's behalf to ask for a transmitter and codes to be sent to him. DE VOS understood that [redacted] was given instructions direct by VAN DAM concerning this mission. There seems little doubt that the idea of KLAAS accompanying [redacted] as far as the Pyrenees and then coming back to report progress was merely a very thin cover for a penetration attempt at VAN DAM's instigation of the STRENGERS Organisation.
36.
DE VOS now states that it is possible that KLAAS left Holland even earlier than the 18-10-1943. He learned that KLAAS got to the Pyrenees via Istres. VAN DAM returned from --ris
… /continued.
19.743. - 9 -
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
reporting that KLAAS, [redacted] and [redacted] had safely arrived there on about the 28-10-1943. KLAAS himself returned about 5 days after VAN DAM, certainly before the end of October but DE VOS did not see him immediately and was only later able to arrange an appointment with him through VAN DAM to obtain news of [redacted]. This rendez-vous took place about halfway through November at the Hotel Terminus in The Hague. The original idea had been that KLAAS should accompany [redacted] as far as San Sebastian but, when [redacted] explained his plan about contacting VAN PANHUYS once in Spain it was decided that there was no necessity for KLAAS to accompany him any further than the Spanish frontier.
37.
For the purpose of accompanying them as far as Paris on this journey VAN DAM was given a leave certificate by [redacted] whom he met at his hiding address [redacted] Rotterdam. It appears that though VAN DAM had his own means for proceeding back and forth between Belgium and Holland, he required [redacted]'s assistance to get as far as Paris.
38.
DE VOS since his arrival in UK had learned that BOREL RINKES (RPS 19.872) was one of the party with which [redacted] and KLAAS travelled to the Pyrenees. There is actually mentioned in BOREL RINKES report a certain [redacted] (obviously [redacted]) and a man he describes as mercantile marine officer named 'JAN' (obviously KLAAS) who arranged with WYSOGOTA to be brought back to Holland.
39.
From BOREL RINKES' account it would appear that [redacted]'s arrest could hardly have been engineered and was due solely to impossible weather conditions which forced him back. DE VOS is aware of this and is unable to reconcile it with the idea that VAN DAM is working for the enemy.
40.
The only other person, apart from [redacted], with whom DE VOS has put VAN DAM in contact is KALKMAN. This man is mentioned briefly in para.11 of the report at 16A. DE VOS explains his connection with KALKMAN as follows;-
… /continued.
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
reporting that KLAAS, [redacted] and [redacted] had safely arrived there on about the 28-10-1943. KLAAS himself returned about 5 days after VAN DAM, certainly before the end of October but DE VOS did not see him immediately and was only later able to arrange an appointment with him through VAN DAM to obtain news of [redacted]. This rendez-vous took place about halfway through November at the Hotel Terminus in The Hague. The original idea had been that KLAAS should accompany [redacted] as far as San Sebastian but, when [redacted] explained his plan about contacting VAN PANHUYS once in Spain it was decided that there was no necessity for KLAAS to accompany him any further than the Spanish frontier.
37.
For the purpose of accompanying them as far as Paris on this journey VAN DAM was given a leave certificate by [redacted] whom he met at his hiding address [redacted] Rotterdam. It appears that though VAN DAM had his own means for proceeding back and forth between Belgium and Holland, he required [redacted]'s assistance to get as far as Paris.
38.
DE VOS since his arrival in UK had learned that BOREL RINKES (RPS 19.872) was one of the party with which [redacted] and KLAAS travelled to the Pyrenees. There is actually mentioned in BOREL RINKES report a certain [redacted] (obviously [redacted]) and a man he describes as mercantile marine officer named 'JAN' (obviously KLAAS) who arranged with WYSOGOTA to be brought back to Holland.
39.
From BOREL RINKES' account it would appear that [redacted]'s arrest could hardly have been engineered and was due solely to impossible weather conditions which forced him back. DE VOS is aware of this and is unable to reconcile it with the idea that VAN DAM is working for the enemy.
40.
The only other person, apart from [redacted], with whom DE VOS has put VAN DAM in contact is KALKMAN. This man is mentioned briefly in para.11 of the report at 16A. DE VOS explains his connection with KALKMAN as follows;-
… /continued.
19.743. - 10 -
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
41.
DE VOS is a member of a Youth Camp Organisation known as 'STICHTING VRIJE JEUGDKERK' - Rotterdam with its headquarters at the Pastorie at Heenvliet (south of Rotterdam). The leaders of this Organisation are a Pastor VAN DER LAARKRAFT and his wife Loek; both BALLEGOYEN de JONG and [redacted] are members of this Organisation. Loek VAN DER LAARKRAFT and another Pastor at Heenvliet introduced DE VOS to KALKMAN, who was living at Hoefvliet where he was working as an inspector of the 'Crisis Controledienst'. KALKMAN was in illegal residence when DE VOS met him in November, 1943. DE VOS gives KALKMAN's age as about 35 years. DE VOS believes him to be a member of a large military Organisation and learned he had a sub-transmitter, one of a chain of Military transmitters which got their reports relayed through a main transmitter to the UK. KALKMAN who is a marine wireless operator by profession had constructed a reserve sub-transmitter concerning which DE VOS had approached him on VAN DAM's behalf. This, however, did not appear to interest VAN DAM.
42.
DE VOS left Holland finally without being able to contact VAN DAM for precise instructions, which he did not consider particularly necessary anyway in the anticipation that [redacted] had got through. This came about as VAN DAM was ill and DE VOS was unable to contact him through the only address he had, that in the Valkenboschkade, The Hague.
Connection with S.O.E. agent - RUGGER.
43.
It has been amply demonstrated in the first report that Pieter DE VOS' connection with the man he called 'HANS' (RUGGER) came about through [redacted] (mentioned in the diagram at page 3 of the report at 16A as [redacted] his college nickname). An attempt was consequently made to learn from Pieter DE VOS what [redacted]'s activities consisted of. He informed me that [redacted] is in lodgings in the [redacted], Amsterdam. He believes [redacted] is mainly concerned with the distribution of false and stolen ration cards to students in hiding and the circulation of clandestine newspapers, namely 'Het Parool' and 'De Geus'. Apart from this DE VOS claims to be able to give no further information than that already given in the first report
… /continued.
'Joop met de grote voeten' Jan Stalinga, see RVPS report Biallosterski.
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
41.
DE VOS is a member of a Youth Camp Organisation known as 'STICHTING VRIJE JEUGDKERK' - Rotterdam with its headquarters at the Pastorie at Heenvliet (south of Rotterdam). The leaders of this Organisation are a Pastor VAN DER LAARKRAFT and his wife Loek; both BALLEGOYEN de JONG and [redacted] are members of this Organisation. Loek VAN DER LAARKRAFT and another Pastor at Heenvliet introduced DE VOS to KALKMAN, who was living at Hoefvliet where he was working as an inspector of the 'Crisis Controledienst'. KALKMAN was in illegal residence when DE VOS met him in November, 1943. DE VOS gives KALKMAN's age as about 35 years. DE VOS believes him to be a member of a large military Organisation and learned he had a sub-transmitter, one of a chain of Military transmitters which got their reports relayed through a main transmitter to the UK. KALKMAN who is a marine wireless operator by profession had constructed a reserve sub-transmitter concerning which DE VOS had approached him on VAN DAM's behalf. This, however, did not appear to interest VAN DAM.
42.
DE VOS left Holland finally without being able to contact VAN DAM for precise instructions, which he did not consider particularly necessary anyway in the anticipation that [redacted] had got through. This came about as VAN DAM was ill and DE VOS was unable to contact him through the only address he had, that in the Valkenboschkade, The Hague.
Connection with S.O.E. agent - RUGGER.
43.
It has been amply demonstrated in the first report that Pieter DE VOS' connection with the man he called 'HANS' (RUGGER) came about through [redacted] (mentioned in the diagram at page 3 of the report at 16A as [redacted] his college nickname). An attempt was consequently made to learn from Pieter DE VOS what [redacted]'s activities consisted of. He informed me that [redacted] is in lodgings in the [redacted], Amsterdam. He believes [redacted] is mainly concerned with the distribution of false and stolen ration cards to students in hiding and the circulation of clandestine newspapers, namely 'Het Parool' and 'De Geus'. Apart from this DE VOS claims to be able to give no further information than that already given in the first report
… /continued.
'Joop met de grote voeten' Jan Stalinga, see RVPS report Biallosterski.
19.743. - 11 -
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
(para. 92, 93 and 94 concerning [redacted]'s connections with the Organisation in touch with WARENDORF in this country. The following, however, are the details of the mission DE VOS was given by [redacted] on behalf of 'HANS' (RUGGER).
44.
'HANS' required a further set of codes to replace those he had lost together with his transmitter on landing. He did not require another transmitter as he had been able to procure one, nor did he require any crystals or other wireless equipment . DE VOS had ni idea on what wave-length it was proposed this transmitter should work. There is no doubt that such a mission would fit in with the supposition that 'HANS' is under enemy control and merely requires a fresh contact with UK to commence double-cross operations.
Contact with sabotage group.
45.
DE VOS, has already explained at paras. 95 to 99 of the first report the manner in which he came into contact with [redacted] whom he believes to be in touch with a man named Hans GOUER of Rotterdam. [redacted] have him to following message to be communicated to the Dutch Intelligence Service at Madrid;-
"To Major [redacted] or Capt. [redacted] , Seeking contact for active resistance to the enemy. the following description of the source of this message will be sufficient for either of these two officers to identify it. He was no longer on the Kwikstaartlaan and in the Spring '32 has brother Jo went to the higher Military School because his mother Ge had an operation on one leg."
46.
In the event of a courier being sent to Holland in response to this he was to present himself to Hans GOUER with the following recognition text:-
"Mr. X ('X' standing for the surname of the source of this message and the surname of the Edel typiste buurvrouw - DE VOS himself cannot
… /continued.
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
(para. 92, 93 and 94 concerning [redacted]'s connections with the Organisation in touch with WARENDORF in this country. The following, however, are the details of the mission DE VOS was given by [redacted] on behalf of 'HANS' (RUGGER).
44.
'HANS' required a further set of codes to replace those he had lost together with his transmitter on landing. He did not require another transmitter as he had been able to procure one, nor did he require any crystals or other wireless equipment . DE VOS had ni idea on what wave-length it was proposed this transmitter should work. There is no doubt that such a mission would fit in with the supposition that 'HANS' is under enemy control and merely requires a fresh contact with UK to commence double-cross operations.
Contact with sabotage group.
45.
DE VOS, has already explained at paras. 95 to 99 of the first report the manner in which he came into contact with [redacted] whom he believes to be in touch with a man named Hans GOUER of Rotterdam. [redacted] have him to following message to be communicated to the Dutch Intelligence Service at Madrid;-
"To Major [redacted] or Capt. [redacted] , Seeking contact for active resistance to the enemy. the following description of the source of this message will be sufficient for either of these two officers to identify it. He was no longer on the Kwikstaartlaan and in the Spring '32 has brother Jo went to the higher Military School because his mother Ge had an operation on one leg."
46.
In the event of a courier being sent to Holland in response to this he was to present himself to Hans GOUER with the following recognition text:-
"Mr. X ('X' standing for the surname of the source of this message and the surname of the Edel typiste buurvrouw - DE VOS himself cannot
… /continued.
19.743. - 12 -
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
explain the meaning of this last word but is assured that it will be apparent to the recipients) has not seen his neighbour for a long time.
Escape through STRENGERS Organisation.
47.
It has already been explained that [restricted] was together with DE VOS a member of the Youth Camps Organisation. [redacted] himself is a former Utrecht medical student who is illicitely working in a Rotterdam hospital. DE VOS actually met Jan NAUTA once through [redacted], being introduced as [redacted]'s superior in the Organisation.
48.
From the description DE VOS gives of [redacted] to whom he was introduced by [redacted] in Brussels there is little doubt that this is actually [redacted], known to us from our records as a member of this Organisation.
49.
On being questioned as to his knowledge of this Organisation and any news of arrests he might have learned DE VOS recalled that they told him a recent convoy had been arrested in the South of France. In view of the date at which DE VOS heard this in Paris it seems probable that this might refer to the arrest of WYSOGOTA. He was also told that they had expected a large number of arrests to take place amongst the Brussels personnel of the Organisation but that this had for some unknown reason not taken place.
RECOMMANDATIONS.
50.
It is felt that before coming to a final decision on this case the reference given by DE VOS in connection with [redacted] and the sabotage organisation in Holland should be taken up. Particularly in view of DE VOS' own views on [redacted]'s politics and war record of service and the fact that there are two witnesses: DE VOS and BOREL RINKES to [redacted]'s attempt to reach the UK, it is felt that the bare statement at 18A (2) needs further qualification.
… /continued.
Hilbrand Inno Borel Rinkes, 31-01-1918 Amsterdam, 25-10-1985 Den Haag.
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
explain the meaning of this last word but is assured that it will be apparent to the recipients) has not seen his neighbour for a long time.
Escape through STRENGERS Organisation.
47.
It has already been explained that [restricted] was together with DE VOS a member of the Youth Camps Organisation. [redacted] himself is a former Utrecht medical student who is illicitely working in a Rotterdam hospital. DE VOS actually met Jan NAUTA once through [redacted], being introduced as [redacted]'s superior in the Organisation.
48.
From the description DE VOS gives of [redacted] to whom he was introduced by [redacted] in Brussels there is little doubt that this is actually [redacted], known to us from our records as a member of this Organisation.
49.
On being questioned as to his knowledge of this Organisation and any news of arrests he might have learned DE VOS recalled that they told him a recent convoy had been arrested in the South of France. In view of the date at which DE VOS heard this in Paris it seems probable that this might refer to the arrest of WYSOGOTA. He was also told that they had expected a large number of arrests to take place amongst the Brussels personnel of the Organisation but that this had for some unknown reason not taken place.
RECOMMANDATIONS.
50.
It is felt that before coming to a final decision on this case the reference given by DE VOS in connection with [redacted] and the sabotage organisation in Holland should be taken up. Particularly in view of DE VOS' own views on [redacted]'s politics and war record of service and the fact that there are two witnesses: DE VOS and BOREL RINKES to [redacted]'s attempt to reach the UK, it is felt that the bare statement at 18A (2) needs further qualification.
… /continued.
Hilbrand Inno Borel Rinkes, 31-01-1918 Amsterdam, 25-10-1985 Den Haag.
Nauta, Jan
Geboren op 3 mei 1917 te Almelo
Omgebracht op 10 augustus 1944 in Kamp Vught, 27 jaar
Jan Nauta wordt geboren in Almelo en brengt zijn jongste jeugdjaren in het Friese Heeg door. In beide plaatsen is zijn vader als onderwijzer werkzaam. In 1924 verhuist het gezin naar Amsterdam, waar Nauta senior tot hoofd van de Admiraal de Ruyterschool is benoemd. Jan junior besluit na de lagere school in de voetsporen van zijn vader te treden en gaat naar de gereformeerde kweekschool aan de Dintelstraat. In 1937, twintig jaar oud, behaalt hij er zijn akte en wordt onderwijzer op de school van zijn vader.
Tijdens de oorlog raakt Nauta in Amsterdam betrokken bij hulp aan onderduikers. Ook gaat hij Trouw verspreiden, het orthodox-protestantse blad dat begin 1943 is ontstaan uit een breuk binnen Vrij Nederland. Nauta is een onderverspreider van Wiet Dijkman, die aan het hoofd staat van de Amsterdamse Trouw-groep en is verloofd met een zus van Wim Speelman, de landelijke verspreidingsleider.
Vlak voor kerst 1943 overvalt de SD het Amsterdamse hoofdkwartier van Trouw. Vier verspreiders worden gepakt, onder wie Dijkman. Nauta duikt ogenblikkelijk onder. Na een paar maanden denkt hij buiten gevaar te zijn en voegt zich weer bij vrouw en kind aan de Trompstraat. Daar wordt Nauta op 4 mei 1944, een dag na zijn zevenentwintigste verjaardag, gearresteerd.
Na vijf dagen in het huis van bewaring aan de Weteringschans te hebben gezeten, wordt Nauta op 9 mei 1944 naar het Bossche huis van bewaring overgebracht. Vandaar gaat het op 24 mei 1944 naar de SD-Polizeigefängnis in Haaren. Twee maanden later wordt Nauta, samen met de andere Trouw-gevangenen in Haaren, naar Kamp Vught vervoerd. Op 5 augustus 1944 worden ze, vierentwintig in getal, ter dood veroordeeld. Aan slechts één van hen zal gratie worden verleend. De andere drieëntwintig worden in twee groepen, op 9 en 10 augustus, gefusilleerd. Nauta behoort tot de zeventien verspreiders die op de tiende augustus sterven.
Geboren op 3 mei 1917 te Almelo
Omgebracht op 10 augustus 1944 in Kamp Vught, 27 jaar
Jan Nauta wordt geboren in Almelo en brengt zijn jongste jeugdjaren in het Friese Heeg door. In beide plaatsen is zijn vader als onderwijzer werkzaam. In 1924 verhuist het gezin naar Amsterdam, waar Nauta senior tot hoofd van de Admiraal de Ruyterschool is benoemd. Jan junior besluit na de lagere school in de voetsporen van zijn vader te treden en gaat naar de gereformeerde kweekschool aan de Dintelstraat. In 1937, twintig jaar oud, behaalt hij er zijn akte en wordt onderwijzer op de school van zijn vader.
Tijdens de oorlog raakt Nauta in Amsterdam betrokken bij hulp aan onderduikers. Ook gaat hij Trouw verspreiden, het orthodox-protestantse blad dat begin 1943 is ontstaan uit een breuk binnen Vrij Nederland. Nauta is een onderverspreider van Wiet Dijkman, die aan het hoofd staat van de Amsterdamse Trouw-groep en is verloofd met een zus van Wim Speelman, de landelijke verspreidingsleider.
Vlak voor kerst 1943 overvalt de SD het Amsterdamse hoofdkwartier van Trouw. Vier verspreiders worden gepakt, onder wie Dijkman. Nauta duikt ogenblikkelijk onder. Na een paar maanden denkt hij buiten gevaar te zijn en voegt zich weer bij vrouw en kind aan de Trompstraat. Daar wordt Nauta op 4 mei 1944, een dag na zijn zevenentwintigste verjaardag, gearresteerd.
Na vijf dagen in het huis van bewaring aan de Weteringschans te hebben gezeten, wordt Nauta op 9 mei 1944 naar het Bossche huis van bewaring overgebracht. Vandaar gaat het op 24 mei 1944 naar de SD-Polizeigefängnis in Haaren. Twee maanden later wordt Nauta, samen met de andere Trouw-gevangenen in Haaren, naar Kamp Vught vervoerd. Op 5 augustus 1944 worden ze, vierentwintig in getal, ter dood veroordeeld. Aan slechts één van hen zal gratie worden verleend. De andere drieëntwintig worden in twee groepen, op 9 en 10 augustus, gefusilleerd. Nauta behoort tot de zeventien verspreiders die op de tiende augustus sterven.
19.743. - 13 -
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
51.
The most useful reference in connection with [redacted] is surely PANHUYS as this man has been in neutral territory and would have had an opportunity of hearing the most recent information about [redacted], whereas the Dutch Intelligence Officer Col. [redacted] could be expected to give an opinion on [redacted] only up to the time when [redacted] himself was last in Occupied Territory. One can at least expect that Major [redacted] of Capt. [redacted] would be able to give an opinion as to the reliability of their contact in Holland with whom DE VOS has been directly in touch.
CONCLUSION.
52.
All the evidence in this case so far strongly suggests that DE VOS has acted in good faith in all his resistance activities. When one considers that DE VOS is not yet 20 years of age it is not surprising that he may have been made the unwitting dupe of the Germans in an attempt to establish a double-cross connections with our Services. People far more experienced in such matters than DE VOS have been misled in such circumstances and, indeed, with the exception of VAN DAM and his associates there is nothing to suggest that the people with whom DE VOS has been in touch have themselves been aware that their activity was helping the enemy.
53.
The question of DE VOS' disposal appears to be more a matter of general policy than a mere decision on the merits of DE VOS' individual case. Certainly he has created an impression of complete sincerity and co-operation and I am of the opinion that there is no danger that DE VOS himself is not completely pro-Allied and patriotic.
VLPR 19-4-44 B. Thompson (Capt.)
Redacted under FOI exemption 40 (2). Closed until 2031.
Willem Ernest van Panhuys, geboren 01-03-1900 Veere, overleden 05-03-1993 Moges (CH).
DE VOS, Pieter alias Dainty, Peter alias DE GRAAF, Johannes Cornelis.
51.
The most useful reference in connection with [redacted] is surely PANHUYS as this man has been in neutral territory and would have had an opportunity of hearing the most recent information about [redacted], whereas the Dutch Intelligence Officer Col. [redacted] could be expected to give an opinion on [redacted] only up to the time when [redacted] himself was last in Occupied Territory. One can at least expect that Major [redacted] of Capt. [redacted] would be able to give an opinion as to the reliability of their contact in Holland with whom DE VOS has been directly in touch.
CONCLUSION.
52.
All the evidence in this case so far strongly suggests that DE VOS has acted in good faith in all his resistance activities. When one considers that DE VOS is not yet 20 years of age it is not surprising that he may have been made the unwitting dupe of the Germans in an attempt to establish a double-cross connections with our Services. People far more experienced in such matters than DE VOS have been misled in such circumstances and, indeed, with the exception of VAN DAM and his associates there is nothing to suggest that the people with whom DE VOS has been in touch have themselves been aware that their activity was helping the enemy.
53.
The question of DE VOS' disposal appears to be more a matter of general policy than a mere decision on the merits of DE VOS' individual case. Certainly he has created an impression of complete sincerity and co-operation and I am of the opinion that there is no danger that DE VOS himself is not completely pro-Allied and patriotic.
VLPR 19-4-44 B. Thompson (Capt.)
Redacted under FOI exemption 40 (2). Closed until 2031.
Willem Ernest van Panhuys, geboren 01-03-1900 Veere, overleden 05-03-1993 Moges (CH).
w.mugge@home.nl
31-10-2019
31-10-2019