Letters Yad Vashem, Israël II.
Brief aan Paul Citroen van zijn zus Ilse Ledermann-Citroen.
Dear Paultje, 3-10-1942
I had just been about to write to you when your letter arrived. It’s good—you replied very quickly. That little WA man seems to like your house rather too much, and that worries me. Perhaps they want to move in themselves?
I have some good news—actually, several pieces of good news. First of all, Mother and Barbara have received the summons for the stamp. Barbara was supposed to be stamped on the 13th, but a letter arrived saying she must come already tomorrow. They even work for us on Sundays. Furthermore, today I heard of a case like yours, namely that someone had forgotten to register the child, and that the yellow card from the population register was sent afterwards without any problem. Also, that the registration certificate of a mixed marriage provides protection during a raid, as was shown yesterday.
Because yesterday, after I had written to you, a great deal still happened. First, Franz came with news from the Jewish Council that the Secretary-General Bolle had announced that everyone must be ready, as a departure action was planned for this evening. Five trains are ready, which means they expect to gather 5,000 Jews.
A large number of policemen has been called up. The deportation officer was sent home at five o’clock, so this time everything was arranged outside the Jewish Council, which shows how precisely the processes are carried out. Only stamps and summonses for stamps provide protection. At six o’clock Bolle—our friend from the deportation (Mirjam Sophie Levie)—arrived, immediately causing panic, and we were very anxious because Barbara had not yet received a summons for a stamp at that moment. We discussed very agitatedly what we should do with her. At that very moment the summons arrived. What a relief! After that we were no longer anxious at all, also because we noticed nothing of the raid in our street.
Then at ten o’clock a boy arrived, sent by Barbara’s friend, to fetch her because house by house the Jews were being rounded up. This gave me such chattering teeth as I have never experienced before. Nevertheless, we decided to keep Barbara with us, thinking: “Either the stamp helps, or it doesn’t.” We believed the former. If she was indeed on the list, Barbara had to be there. She dressed ready for travel and went to bed like that; we too went to bed. Nothing happened at our house.
This morning the facts: it mainly concerned family members of Dutch men working in labor camps; they all had to go. The action was dreadful: WA men, NSB members in civilian clothes, “Blacks” (SS), Hitler Youth—without conscience they rounded up thousands, small children with their mothers, the elderly, the sick. We immediately hurried to two friends from Sanne’s class—they had disappeared. One of the children had returned a borrowed book just yesterday because she had heard that she would belong to the category concerned.
Today and tomorrow it is to continue again, throughout the Netherlands. They say people are being taken to the large new camp in Vught, but I do not know for certain. Because of the registration document Franz will make some inquiries tomorrow; a circular about it had already been sent out before.
We have read Hans (Citroen)’s card and were very pleased by it. Hopefully we will all come through this. I think it is wonderful that you are able to work so well.
With Lientje, I embrace you a thousand times,
Yours,
Ilse
Mirjam Sophie Bolle-Levie (Amsterdam, 20 March 1917) is a Dutch Holocaust survivor. During the Second World War, she worked as a secretary for the Jewish Council and is best known for the publication of her wartime diary, I Will Describe to You What a Day Is Like Here.
Bolle-Levie was born as the eldest daughter of Sara Levie–Oesterman and Moritz Jacob Levie. She had a younger sister, Sophie Greta, known as Bobby. Her father had strong Zionist leanings. Moritz Levie was chairman of the Jewish National Fund, and both daughters were active in the Zionist youth organization Zichron Jaakov. There she met her future husband, Lucas Leonard (Leo) Bolle (who later changed his name to Menachem). She worked as his secretary until Leo Bolle emigrated to Palestine in 1938. After his departure, Bolle-Levie found work as a secretary with the Committee for Jewish Refugees. Officially she worked under David Cohen, but she was mainly involved with Raphael Henri Eitje, who was responsible for day-to-day operations.
The plan was for Bolle-Levie to emigrate to Palestine as well, but after the German invasion in May 1940, this did not happen. The Committee for Jewish Refugees was absorbed into the Jewish Council after its formation. Bolle-Levie continued working for Eitje, who became head of the department providing aid to non-Dutch Jews. Her future brother-in-law, Max Bolle, was general secretary of the Jewish Council. Levie could occasionally be found at the Hollandse Schouwburg, where she helped register newcomers and—very much against her will—assisted in compiling lists of Jews eligible for deportation.
Because of her work for the Jewish Council, Bolle-Levie was for a long time protected from deportation by a “sperre” (exemption). In 1943 she considered going into hiding but feared that the consequences would be more severe if she were later caught. Her father and sister were arrested in May 1943 during a raid and taken to Westerbork transit camp. During the raid of 20 June 1943, Bolle-Levie herself was also arrested. Her mother and future in-laws followed shortly thereafter.
In Westerbork, the Levie family was initially spared deportation because they possessed a Palestine certificate. On 11 January 1944, however, the family was deported to Bergen-Belsen. In June 1944, Bolle-Levie was part of an exchange transport consisting of 222 Jews. They were exchanged for German Templars who had been interned in Palestine at the beginning of the war. In Palestine, Bolle-Levie was reunited with her future husband. The couple had three children, two of whom died while serving the new state of Israel.
After Leo Bolle’s departure to Palestine, Mirjam had written letters to him that she could not send but had preserved. In 2003, these letters were published in diary form under the title I Will Describe to You What a Day Is Like Here. Because of her central role within the Jewish Council, the diary is an important source on the functioning of that organization.
Bolle-Levie also appeared regularly in the 2023 BNNVARA documentary The Promised Land by Coen Verbraak. In 2024, she was portrayed by Tanya Zabarylo in the series The Jewish Council.
On 23 September 2024, she received the Amsterdam Andreas Medal for her decades-long commitment to Holocaust education. Since the death of the 113-year-old Rose Girone in February 2025, Bolle-Levie is, as far as is known, the oldest living Holocaust survivor. Source: Wikipedia.
I had just been about to write to you when your letter arrived. It’s good—you replied very quickly. That little WA man seems to like your house rather too much, and that worries me. Perhaps they want to move in themselves?
I have some good news—actually, several pieces of good news. First of all, Mother and Barbara have received the summons for the stamp. Barbara was supposed to be stamped on the 13th, but a letter arrived saying she must come already tomorrow. They even work for us on Sundays. Furthermore, today I heard of a case like yours, namely that someone had forgotten to register the child, and that the yellow card from the population register was sent afterwards without any problem. Also, that the registration certificate of a mixed marriage provides protection during a raid, as was shown yesterday.
Because yesterday, after I had written to you, a great deal still happened. First, Franz came with news from the Jewish Council that the Secretary-General Bolle had announced that everyone must be ready, as a departure action was planned for this evening. Five trains are ready, which means they expect to gather 5,000 Jews.
A large number of policemen has been called up. The deportation officer was sent home at five o’clock, so this time everything was arranged outside the Jewish Council, which shows how precisely the processes are carried out. Only stamps and summonses for stamps provide protection. At six o’clock Bolle—our friend from the deportation (Mirjam Sophie Levie)—arrived, immediately causing panic, and we were very anxious because Barbara had not yet received a summons for a stamp at that moment. We discussed very agitatedly what we should do with her. At that very moment the summons arrived. What a relief! After that we were no longer anxious at all, also because we noticed nothing of the raid in our street.
Then at ten o’clock a boy arrived, sent by Barbara’s friend, to fetch her because house by house the Jews were being rounded up. This gave me such chattering teeth as I have never experienced before. Nevertheless, we decided to keep Barbara with us, thinking: “Either the stamp helps, or it doesn’t.” We believed the former. If she was indeed on the list, Barbara had to be there. She dressed ready for travel and went to bed like that; we too went to bed. Nothing happened at our house.
This morning the facts: it mainly concerned family members of Dutch men working in labor camps; they all had to go. The action was dreadful: WA men, NSB members in civilian clothes, “Blacks” (SS), Hitler Youth—without conscience they rounded up thousands, small children with their mothers, the elderly, the sick. We immediately hurried to two friends from Sanne’s class—they had disappeared. One of the children had returned a borrowed book just yesterday because she had heard that she would belong to the category concerned.
Today and tomorrow it is to continue again, throughout the Netherlands. They say people are being taken to the large new camp in Vught, but I do not know for certain. Because of the registration document Franz will make some inquiries tomorrow; a circular about it had already been sent out before.
We have read Hans (Citroen)’s card and were very pleased by it. Hopefully we will all come through this. I think it is wonderful that you are able to work so well.
With Lientje, I embrace you a thousand times,
Yours,
Ilse
Mirjam Sophie Bolle-Levie (Amsterdam, 20 March 1917) is a Dutch Holocaust survivor. During the Second World War, she worked as a secretary for the Jewish Council and is best known for the publication of her wartime diary, I Will Describe to You What a Day Is Like Here.
Bolle-Levie was born as the eldest daughter of Sara Levie–Oesterman and Moritz Jacob Levie. She had a younger sister, Sophie Greta, known as Bobby. Her father had strong Zionist leanings. Moritz Levie was chairman of the Jewish National Fund, and both daughters were active in the Zionist youth organization Zichron Jaakov. There she met her future husband, Lucas Leonard (Leo) Bolle (who later changed his name to Menachem). She worked as his secretary until Leo Bolle emigrated to Palestine in 1938. After his departure, Bolle-Levie found work as a secretary with the Committee for Jewish Refugees. Officially she worked under David Cohen, but she was mainly involved with Raphael Henri Eitje, who was responsible for day-to-day operations.
The plan was for Bolle-Levie to emigrate to Palestine as well, but after the German invasion in May 1940, this did not happen. The Committee for Jewish Refugees was absorbed into the Jewish Council after its formation. Bolle-Levie continued working for Eitje, who became head of the department providing aid to non-Dutch Jews. Her future brother-in-law, Max Bolle, was general secretary of the Jewish Council. Levie could occasionally be found at the Hollandse Schouwburg, where she helped register newcomers and—very much against her will—assisted in compiling lists of Jews eligible for deportation.
Because of her work for the Jewish Council, Bolle-Levie was for a long time protected from deportation by a “sperre” (exemption). In 1943 she considered going into hiding but feared that the consequences would be more severe if she were later caught. Her father and sister were arrested in May 1943 during a raid and taken to Westerbork transit camp. During the raid of 20 June 1943, Bolle-Levie herself was also arrested. Her mother and future in-laws followed shortly thereafter.
In Westerbork, the Levie family was initially spared deportation because they possessed a Palestine certificate. On 11 January 1944, however, the family was deported to Bergen-Belsen. In June 1944, Bolle-Levie was part of an exchange transport consisting of 222 Jews. They were exchanged for German Templars who had been interned in Palestine at the beginning of the war. In Palestine, Bolle-Levie was reunited with her future husband. The couple had three children, two of whom died while serving the new state of Israel.
After Leo Bolle’s departure to Palestine, Mirjam had written letters to him that she could not send but had preserved. In 2003, these letters were published in diary form under the title I Will Describe to You What a Day Is Like Here. Because of her central role within the Jewish Council, the diary is an important source on the functioning of that organization.
Bolle-Levie also appeared regularly in the 2023 BNNVARA documentary The Promised Land by Coen Verbraak. In 2024, she was portrayed by Tanya Zabarylo in the series The Jewish Council.
On 23 September 2024, she received the Amsterdam Andreas Medal for her decades-long commitment to Holocaust education. Since the death of the 113-year-old Rose Girone in February 2025, Bolle-Levie is, as far as is known, the oldest living Holocaust survivor. Source: Wikipedia.
Dear Paul en Lientje, 17-10-1942
Here is Paul’s scarf back, which he forgot to take with him. Yes, it was nice that he was here again. I hope that he has been properly stamped. Meanwhile, the news about the evacuation of the coastal zone was in the newspaper. Children—if that happens, it is impossible to foresee what it will mean for millions of people. Are you affected by this, or are you calmly waiting to see when and whether it will happen? We immediately thought of you, but I still hope that you can at least remain there during the winter. Oh, those damned English!
Franz’s birthday turned out far more festive than we had imagined. We were, of course, startled by the arrest of Max Bolle and his family—he was certainly dismissed because of the “stamp” affair—but otherwise more people came than expected. Mother was here the whole day; even Tata managed to find her way here. Paul’s painting of Paulieneke continues to delight us again and again.
Our children also feel very comfortable with Paul. Barbara assumes that he is the only person who truly understands her. On the morning of her birthday, when Paul’s book for her arrived, she even cried out of disappointment because he had not thought it worthwhile to send her a painting. She had imagined that the small bouquet in oil paint, which had earlier been given to me, would be hers for her birthday. She was, so to speak, jealous of me and felt that Paul underestimated her. But that has not diminished her feelings for him. At the moment she is living her own life and has become entirely independent from us because of her boyfriend (Manfred Grünberg), to whom she is very attached. But that is as it should be.
Be warmly embraced, both of you, together with Paulieneke,
Yours,
Ilse
My dear ones,
Many thanks for your kind wishes for my birthday. I have the feeling that they will come true. It was a most surprising day, and it turned out that I can enjoy an abundance of sympathies, which has both astonished and moved me deeply. To pat old Paul on the shoulder again was truly refreshing—this should happen more often.
Warm greetings to you all,
Yours,
Franz
It seems strange that Ilse Ledermann-Citroen so so negative about the British, while the Germans are the biggest threat to her and her family.
Here is Paul’s scarf back, which he forgot to take with him. Yes, it was nice that he was here again. I hope that he has been properly stamped. Meanwhile, the news about the evacuation of the coastal zone was in the newspaper. Children—if that happens, it is impossible to foresee what it will mean for millions of people. Are you affected by this, or are you calmly waiting to see when and whether it will happen? We immediately thought of you, but I still hope that you can at least remain there during the winter. Oh, those damned English!
Franz’s birthday turned out far more festive than we had imagined. We were, of course, startled by the arrest of Max Bolle and his family—he was certainly dismissed because of the “stamp” affair—but otherwise more people came than expected. Mother was here the whole day; even Tata managed to find her way here. Paul’s painting of Paulieneke continues to delight us again and again.
Our children also feel very comfortable with Paul. Barbara assumes that he is the only person who truly understands her. On the morning of her birthday, when Paul’s book for her arrived, she even cried out of disappointment because he had not thought it worthwhile to send her a painting. She had imagined that the small bouquet in oil paint, which had earlier been given to me, would be hers for her birthday. She was, so to speak, jealous of me and felt that Paul underestimated her. But that has not diminished her feelings for him. At the moment she is living her own life and has become entirely independent from us because of her boyfriend (Manfred Grünberg), to whom she is very attached. But that is as it should be.
Be warmly embraced, both of you, together with Paulieneke,
Yours,
Ilse
My dear ones,
Many thanks for your kind wishes for my birthday. I have the feeling that they will come true. It was a most surprising day, and it turned out that I can enjoy an abundance of sympathies, which has both astonished and moved me deeply. To pat old Paul on the shoulder again was truly refreshing—this should happen more often.
Warm greetings to you all,
Yours,
Franz
It seems strange that Ilse Ledermann-Citroen so so negative about the British, while the Germans are the biggest threat to her and her family.
Letter by Ilse and Franz to Paul and Lien Citroen in Wassenaar.
Dear Paul and Lientje, 19-11-1942
Many thanks for your last letter, and your very latest one, Paul, with the enormous gift from a rich uncle to his nieces.
That was a brilliant idea of yours, and they are very impressed and want to write to you tomorrow. Since I don’t really feel confident this morning, I am writing to you right away.
Lientje’s sympathy for our situation always makes me a bit nervous, because I myself am only half as afraid about what concerns us, and I do not believe that we will be arrested soon. I face things quite calmly. What must happen will happen, so why should I worry? I enjoy family life, home and hearth—only a move to the Transvaal district is still to be expected. Every day new families are ordered to go there, especially people from our surroundings. The moving requirement varies between 4 and 8 days, and at the moment people are still allowed to take their belongings with them. That means that the so-called “stamped” ones will be last in line, and since we were stamped last, we will be first—but that may still take some time.
Meanwhile, they (the “Jew hunters”) were already at Mother’s again the evening before last. This time it concerned “the mummy,” Mrs. De Leeuw. Instead of taking her, they only took her doctor’s certificate. They again inspected several rooms and, for the first time ever, marched upstairs to Erna’s room. At Tata’s they only looked inside, got quite a fright, and quickly looked the other way. The outcome: no one was taken. Apparently they were three very handsome young men who showed great interest in the paintings in Mother’s room. They found the likeness in the new oil portrait remarkable and asked Mother questions about it. Mother told them that her son is a painter. They also took Ruth’s album (Hans Citroen’s wife), which was lying on the shelf, and looked through it with great interest. This time they seemed to be dealing with art lovers.
Nevertheless, they refused the sausage sandwiches that Mother offered them at the end. According to Mother, they appeared at half past eleven at night, then at half past twelve at Erna’s, and at half past one at Mrs. van den Berg’s. This was the fourth “visit”—hopefully there won’t be a fifth, or if there is, it will go just as smoothly. Mother is already well trained, but not everyone could endure it as she does. I hope the “Japanese woman” will now turn out to be profitable.
Barbara told today about Chaja’s husband, who is in solitary confinement and receives almost nothing to eat; his mental condition is such that the worst is feared. I congratulate Veldhuijzen on the tenth—rabbits have no objection, and I would like to give the boy the name “Little Knob” (“Knobbeltje”). One does not really know whether the general situation is cheerful or not, but I hope and believe that it is—that is the main thing.
Write again soon. Stay in the little house for a long time yet; it is always troublesome when one is turned out.
Greetings a thousand times to all three of you, and many thanks again, Paul, for the excellent St. Nicholas gesture.
Most warmly,
your Ilse
Many thanks for your last letter, and your very latest one, Paul, with the enormous gift from a rich uncle to his nieces.
That was a brilliant idea of yours, and they are very impressed and want to write to you tomorrow. Since I don’t really feel confident this morning, I am writing to you right away.
Lientje’s sympathy for our situation always makes me a bit nervous, because I myself am only half as afraid about what concerns us, and I do not believe that we will be arrested soon. I face things quite calmly. What must happen will happen, so why should I worry? I enjoy family life, home and hearth—only a move to the Transvaal district is still to be expected. Every day new families are ordered to go there, especially people from our surroundings. The moving requirement varies between 4 and 8 days, and at the moment people are still allowed to take their belongings with them. That means that the so-called “stamped” ones will be last in line, and since we were stamped last, we will be first—but that may still take some time.
Meanwhile, they (the “Jew hunters”) were already at Mother’s again the evening before last. This time it concerned “the mummy,” Mrs. De Leeuw. Instead of taking her, they only took her doctor’s certificate. They again inspected several rooms and, for the first time ever, marched upstairs to Erna’s room. At Tata’s they only looked inside, got quite a fright, and quickly looked the other way. The outcome: no one was taken. Apparently they were three very handsome young men who showed great interest in the paintings in Mother’s room. They found the likeness in the new oil portrait remarkable and asked Mother questions about it. Mother told them that her son is a painter. They also took Ruth’s album (Hans Citroen’s wife), which was lying on the shelf, and looked through it with great interest. This time they seemed to be dealing with art lovers.
Nevertheless, they refused the sausage sandwiches that Mother offered them at the end. According to Mother, they appeared at half past eleven at night, then at half past twelve at Erna’s, and at half past one at Mrs. van den Berg’s. This was the fourth “visit”—hopefully there won’t be a fifth, or if there is, it will go just as smoothly. Mother is already well trained, but not everyone could endure it as she does. I hope the “Japanese woman” will now turn out to be profitable.
Barbara told today about Chaja’s husband, who is in solitary confinement and receives almost nothing to eat; his mental condition is such that the worst is feared. I congratulate Veldhuijzen on the tenth—rabbits have no objection, and I would like to give the boy the name “Little Knob” (“Knobbeltje”). One does not really know whether the general situation is cheerful or not, but I hope and believe that it is—that is the main thing.
Write again soon. Stay in the little house for a long time yet; it is always troublesome when one is turned out.
Greetings a thousand times to all three of you, and many thanks again, Paul, for the excellent St. Nicholas gesture.
Most warmly,
your Ilse
Letter by Ilse Ledermann-Citroen to her brother Paul Citroen.
Is this an order to get a stamp??
Aus der Funten, after the war.
Beloved children!
8-11-1942
Please don’t worry so much about us. So far everything has gone well, even when last night we unexpectedly had visitors again for the fourth time, ten minutes before midnight. They actually came for Mrs. De Leeuw. There were three of them, very polite people. I asked them to wait a moment so I could prepare Mrs. De Leeuw for their arrival, as she is in bed with breast cancer. They immediately agreed, asked for the doctor’s certificate, and then left her alone.
They showed a great deal of interest in our portrait in my room. “That is you, madam, isn’t it? That must have been done by a good artist.” They also looked at the photo of the Ledermanns and everything hanging in my room and found it all very nice. Only my fountain pen is missing, but I hope to find it again.
What is the situation with little Paulieneke? Does she still have a fever, and what does the doctor say? Give her a big kiss from me. Hopefully she will soon be well and cheerful again. My card and your sweet letter must have crossed in the mail.
What a pity about your little house, but perhaps that too will work out in the end—as long as it doesn’t take too much longer. Children, I am so tired, but I don’t dare go to bed before one o’clock… in case we receive visitors again, I must be ready to open the door. Since last week, when Mrs. Van Praag had visitors, I don’t undress before two in the morning—sometimes not until four—because of course I fall asleep exhausted, as I am doing now.
It is also sad for Fie and … that they have to leave their lovely home and their children. The three of them will surely feel very lonely. I also cannot understand why Hans did not mention you; I thought he surely would have. It must be some… understandable forgetfulness, which you should not take to heart.
Lientje, I look forward to your visit and embrace the three of you warmly. Get well soon, Paulieneke, and much love and greetings from Tata and Lala.
Good night from Mutti.
8-11-1942
Please don’t worry so much about us. So far everything has gone well, even when last night we unexpectedly had visitors again for the fourth time, ten minutes before midnight. They actually came for Mrs. De Leeuw. There were three of them, very polite people. I asked them to wait a moment so I could prepare Mrs. De Leeuw for their arrival, as she is in bed with breast cancer. They immediately agreed, asked for the doctor’s certificate, and then left her alone.
They showed a great deal of interest in our portrait in my room. “That is you, madam, isn’t it? That must have been done by a good artist.” They also looked at the photo of the Ledermanns and everything hanging in my room and found it all very nice. Only my fountain pen is missing, but I hope to find it again.
What is the situation with little Paulieneke? Does she still have a fever, and what does the doctor say? Give her a big kiss from me. Hopefully she will soon be well and cheerful again. My card and your sweet letter must have crossed in the mail.
What a pity about your little house, but perhaps that too will work out in the end—as long as it doesn’t take too much longer. Children, I am so tired, but I don’t dare go to bed before one o’clock… in case we receive visitors again, I must be ready to open the door. Since last week, when Mrs. Van Praag had visitors, I don’t undress before two in the morning—sometimes not until four—because of course I fall asleep exhausted, as I am doing now.
It is also sad for Fie and … that they have to leave their lovely home and their children. The three of them will surely feel very lonely. I also cannot understand why Hans did not mention you; I thought he surely would have. It must be some… understandable forgetfulness, which you should not take to heart.
Lientje, I look forward to your visit and embrace the three of you warmly. Get well soon, Paulieneke, and much love and greetings from Tata and Lala.
Good night from Mutti.
Letter by Ilse Ledermann-Citroen to her brother Paul and sister-in-law Lien.
Lieve Paul en Lientje, 1-12-1942
Here everything is quite normal as well.
On Friday there was another large roundup here during the day. Of the 900 people, 300 have been released again—mostly … people who had been arrested together with their families. Unfortunately, Käthe Citroen of Benno and the 15-year-old boy have also been taken. He worked with the furrier.
We were very amused by Paulieneke’s letter. Sanne immediately wanted to write back, but the letter is still lying here. Franz is so overcome with despair that he is no longer capable of doing anything.
A thousand greetings from your Ilse.
Address of Hans:
Hotel des Narcisses, Montreux, Switzerland
Here everything is quite normal as well.
On Friday there was another large roundup here during the day. Of the 900 people, 300 have been released again—mostly … people who had been arrested together with their families. Unfortunately, Käthe Citroen of Benno and the 15-year-old boy have also been taken. He worked with the furrier.
We were very amused by Paulieneke’s letter. Sanne immediately wanted to write back, but the letter is still lying here. Franz is so overcome with despair that he is no longer capable of doing anything.
A thousand greetings from your Ilse.
Address of Hans:
Hotel des Narcisses, Montreux, Switzerland
WEGGUM.COM
Murdered in Auschwitz, 19 augustus 1942
The former Hotel des Narcisses.
Murdered in Auschwitz, 24-9-1943.
Murdered in Auschwitz, 13-7-1944.
Police report that Mirjam Sophie's bike is stolen.
Murdered at Sobibor, 23-7-1943.
Letter by Ellen Citroen-Philippi to her son Paul.