Letters Yad Vashem, Israël XII.
The correspondence largely ceases after the departure of Franz, Ilse, and Sanne. In mid-December 1943, there is still one postcard from Ellen Citroen-Philippi.
My beloved children! 7-12-1943
This letter will be sent off a day later, because some letter forms have been obtained. But I still hope that you have received all my good wishes “dripped into” these lines, and that one day we will all see each other again in good health. You must focus on your birthday, my eldest.
It is freezing cold here—it seems to have started in Poland.
Oh children! All the parcels—the three for the Ledermanns—have fallen into my hands. Also two from Engel. How much more gladly would I have shared all these good things, or even better, done without them altogether. And your letters, and little Paulieneke’s drawings, and Paul’s as well. Lientje, two cards. The parcel from Grandma in Hilversum arrived today, opened like everything else, and it contained ten large and small candles. It is so moving that she thinks of me. Lena and Johan sent a wonderful St. Nicholas parcel and a dear … What good friends they are!
From 16 December onwards, single persons may receive one parcel every six weeks, provided that … stamp in … must be confirmed and must be from the Jewish part of a mixed marriage.
My Rutje, your birthday was with me, but due to all circumstances this arrives too late. My thoughts are always with you and around you. Lottie (Barbara) will write—I feel so full of life for you, my dears, and be embraced by
Mutti
This letter will be sent off a day later, because some letter forms have been obtained. But I still hope that you have received all my good wishes “dripped into” these lines, and that one day we will all see each other again in good health. You must focus on your birthday, my eldest.
It is freezing cold here—it seems to have started in Poland.
Oh children! All the parcels—the three for the Ledermanns—have fallen into my hands. Also two from Engel. How much more gladly would I have shared all these good things, or even better, done without them altogether. And your letters, and little Paulieneke’s drawings, and Paul’s as well. Lientje, two cards. The parcel from Grandma in Hilversum arrived today, opened like everything else, and it contained ten large and small candles. It is so moving that she thinks of me. Lena and Johan sent a wonderful St. Nicholas parcel and a dear … What good friends they are!
From 16 December onwards, single persons may receive one parcel every six weeks, provided that … stamp in … must be confirmed and must be from the Jewish part of a mixed marriage.
My Rutje, your birthday was with me, but due to all circumstances this arrives too late. My thoughts are always with you and around you. Lottie (Barbara) will write—I feel so full of life for you, my dears, and be embraced by
Mutti
On Tuesday 7 December 1943, it was a very cold and gloomy day in the Netherlands, with an average temperature of -1.2 °C. The day passed with virtually no sunshine (0 hours), and a total of approximately 0.8 mm of precipitation fell. There was a light wind from the south-southwest.
Dear family Citroen, 27 January 1945
You hardly know anything about my existence, but I am very familiar with you through the letters from Dolly and Vincent to the Ledermanns, so I cannot address you in any other way. For further orientation: we lived on the Merwedeplein in the apartment of Ruth and Toby Nussbaum and were in daily contact with the Ledermann family.
In the meantime, we were all taken from our home and have been in a camp for two years. The dear Ledermanns unfortunately had to go to Auschwitz—I have heard nothing about them since.
Grandmother, her (Ilse’s) mother, and her mother-in-law ended up together with my husband in Bergen-Belsen, a hellish camp where hunger, abuse, and terror prevailed. My husband had developed a heart condition in Westerbork, from which he died after nine months in Bergen-Belsen. I was therefore able, thanks to my brothers and sisters in Sweden who obtained an Ecuadorian passport for me, to leave alone for freedom—a freedom which, as you will understand, I can make little use of.
Grandmother was very close to us; I have always tried to replace Ilse a little. She remained so brave and so strong from the very beginning, just as she had been in Westerbork. She was quickly placed in an elderly barrack, where she was very unhappy and gradually began to lose heart. A pneumonia confined her to bed for months. She recovered sufficiently to get up and go outside again.
In the autumn, however, she began to decline again, had to be moved three times to different barracks, and the ever-worsening living conditions throughout the camp drained her last reserves of strength. Because I myself worked in the sick barrack, she was cared for somewhat better than many other elderly women, but it was to no avail. Your mother fell peacefully asleep on the 5th of the month. I was with her until the end. She was overjoyed with your card, which, I believe, arrived at the end of December together with food parcels from Sweden.
Forgive me for writing all this so matter-of-factly and without emotion, but two years of camp life was a fate that has dulled thousands of other Jews as well. I am no longer, or perhaps not yet, able to express myself in any other way.
I am enclosing everything I was able to take with me from Grandmother’s belongings.
I fear we will be travelling again tomorrow. It is a pity—I would have so much liked to speak with you. Further into the unknown—and I had only one wish left: to go to my sister in Sweden. If you have the address of Ruth Nussbaum in America, or can obtain it, please inform her that I am on my way to America. I also kindly ask you to inform my sister, Dr. L. Croner, Abrahamsberg, Rörläggervägen 44, II Stockholm, Sweden, that I have lost my husband.
We have been here for four days, but everyone is still completely exhausted from the past, especially from a four-day and four-night train journey.
My best wishes to you and your children.
Yours,
Annemarie Rosenbaum
You hardly know anything about my existence, but I am very familiar with you through the letters from Dolly and Vincent to the Ledermanns, so I cannot address you in any other way. For further orientation: we lived on the Merwedeplein in the apartment of Ruth and Toby Nussbaum and were in daily contact with the Ledermann family.
In the meantime, we were all taken from our home and have been in a camp for two years. The dear Ledermanns unfortunately had to go to Auschwitz—I have heard nothing about them since.
Grandmother, her (Ilse’s) mother, and her mother-in-law ended up together with my husband in Bergen-Belsen, a hellish camp where hunger, abuse, and terror prevailed. My husband had developed a heart condition in Westerbork, from which he died after nine months in Bergen-Belsen. I was therefore able, thanks to my brothers and sisters in Sweden who obtained an Ecuadorian passport for me, to leave alone for freedom—a freedom which, as you will understand, I can make little use of.
Grandmother was very close to us; I have always tried to replace Ilse a little. She remained so brave and so strong from the very beginning, just as she had been in Westerbork. She was quickly placed in an elderly barrack, where she was very unhappy and gradually began to lose heart. A pneumonia confined her to bed for months. She recovered sufficiently to get up and go outside again.
In the autumn, however, she began to decline again, had to be moved three times to different barracks, and the ever-worsening living conditions throughout the camp drained her last reserves of strength. Because I myself worked in the sick barrack, she was cared for somewhat better than many other elderly women, but it was to no avail. Your mother fell peacefully asleep on the 5th of the month. I was with her until the end. She was overjoyed with your card, which, I believe, arrived at the end of December together with food parcels from Sweden.
Forgive me for writing all this so matter-of-factly and without emotion, but two years of camp life was a fate that has dulled thousands of other Jews as well. I am no longer, or perhaps not yet, able to express myself in any other way.
I am enclosing everything I was able to take with me from Grandmother’s belongings.
I fear we will be travelling again tomorrow. It is a pity—I would have so much liked to speak with you. Further into the unknown—and I had only one wish left: to go to my sister in Sweden. If you have the address of Ruth Nussbaum in America, or can obtain it, please inform her that I am on my way to America. I also kindly ask you to inform my sister, Dr. L. Croner, Abrahamsberg, Rörläggervägen 44, II Stockholm, Sweden, that I have lost my husband.
We have been here for four days, but everyone is still completely exhausted from the past, especially from a four-day and four-night train journey.
My best wishes to you and your children.
Yours,
Annemarie Rosenbaum
Rörläggarvägen 44, Abrahamsberg, Stockholm.
Annemarie Rosenbaum-Schoenlank. Born 08-12-1907, Tegel, Duitsland.
Married to Wilhelm Rosenbaum on 06-07-1938 in Amsterdam.
Married to Wilhelm Rosenbaum on 06-07-1938 in Amsterdam.
Ludwig Friedrich Toby, born 19-11-1902 in Berlijn. Married on 01-09-1932 to Ruth Offenstadt. Ruth was born 09-09-1911 in Berlijn. They separated in Den Haag on 02-07-1937. He went to Palestine on 12-02-1940. His wife and daughter stayed behind in Amsterdam.
Ruth Offenstadt Nussbaum.
Geboorte 9 Aug 1911 Berlin-Mitte, Mitte, Berlin, Duitsland.
Overlijden 27 Apr 2010 (98 oud) Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California, Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Begrafenis Hillside Memorial Park Culver City, Los Angeles, California, Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Perceel Garden of Abraham, Front of Mausoleum, Family Estate B, Grave 1
Instrumental in the creation of the Association of Reform Zionists of America (ARZA), Ruth Nussbaum played a pivotal role in helping to reshape the Reform movement of Judaism's view of Zionism, which once was anti-Zionist. She was also co-chairwoman of the women's division of the United Jewish Welfare Fund and wife of Rabbi Max Nussbaum of Temple Israel, Hollywood, California. After moving to Amsterdam as a young woman to escape Nazi persecution, she was neighbors with the Frank family. Daughter Anne would play with Ruth's daughter Hannah from her first marriage to Ludwig Friedrich ("Fritz") Toby.
Rabbi Dr. Max Nussbaum.
Geboorte 4 Apr 1908 Suceava, Roemenië
Overlijden 20 Jul 1974 (66 oud) Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Begrafenis Hillside Memorial Park Culver City, Los Angeles, California, Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Perceel Garden of Abraham, Front of Mausoleum, Family Estate B, Grave 1
Rabbi Nussbaum was a leading figure in world of Zionism and head of Temple Israel from 1942-1974, leading Hollywood (CA) synagogue which also operates Hillside Memorial Park, Los Angeles.
He was the last Rabbi to leave Berlin under Nazi rule in 1940. He was also the youngest Rabbi ever to be ordained in Germany. He tutored Elizabeth Taylor and Sammy Davis Jr. with their religious conversions and his name often appeared in print with show business personalities.
He was President of the Zionist Organization of America, Honorary President of the World Jewish Congress, and was honored in 1959 on the Ralph Edwards TV program "This Is Your Life". He also received the prestigious Scopus Award in 1971 by the American Friends of Hebrew University.
Hannah Elizabeth Nussbaum Marsh
Geboorte 2 Dec 1934 Berlin, Duitsland
Overlijden 20 Okt 2013 (78 oud) Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Begrafenis Hillside Memorial Park Culver City, Los Angeles, California, Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Perceel Nussbaum family garden
Geboorte 9 Aug 1911 Berlin-Mitte, Mitte, Berlin, Duitsland.
Overlijden 27 Apr 2010 (98 oud) Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California, Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Begrafenis Hillside Memorial Park Culver City, Los Angeles, California, Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Perceel Garden of Abraham, Front of Mausoleum, Family Estate B, Grave 1
Instrumental in the creation of the Association of Reform Zionists of America (ARZA), Ruth Nussbaum played a pivotal role in helping to reshape the Reform movement of Judaism's view of Zionism, which once was anti-Zionist. She was also co-chairwoman of the women's division of the United Jewish Welfare Fund and wife of Rabbi Max Nussbaum of Temple Israel, Hollywood, California. After moving to Amsterdam as a young woman to escape Nazi persecution, she was neighbors with the Frank family. Daughter Anne would play with Ruth's daughter Hannah from her first marriage to Ludwig Friedrich ("Fritz") Toby.
Rabbi Dr. Max Nussbaum.
Geboorte 4 Apr 1908 Suceava, Roemenië
Overlijden 20 Jul 1974 (66 oud) Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Begrafenis Hillside Memorial Park Culver City, Los Angeles, California, Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Perceel Garden of Abraham, Front of Mausoleum, Family Estate B, Grave 1
Rabbi Nussbaum was a leading figure in world of Zionism and head of Temple Israel from 1942-1974, leading Hollywood (CA) synagogue which also operates Hillside Memorial Park, Los Angeles.
He was the last Rabbi to leave Berlin under Nazi rule in 1940. He was also the youngest Rabbi ever to be ordained in Germany. He tutored Elizabeth Taylor and Sammy Davis Jr. with their religious conversions and his name often appeared in print with show business personalities.
He was President of the Zionist Organization of America, Honorary President of the World Jewish Congress, and was honored in 1959 on the Ralph Edwards TV program "This Is Your Life". He also received the prestigious Scopus Award in 1971 by the American Friends of Hebrew University.
Hannah Elizabeth Nussbaum Marsh
Geboorte 2 Dec 1934 Berlin, Duitsland
Overlijden 20 Okt 2013 (78 oud) Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Begrafenis Hillside Memorial Park Culver City, Los Angeles, California, Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Perceel Nussbaum family garden
Fritz Croner (born 27 February 1896 in Berlin; died 7 June 1979 in Stockholm, Sweden) was a Swedish sociologist of German origin.
The sociologist Croner earned his doctorate in 1921 under the supervision of Emil Lederer at the University of Heidelberg. He headed the department of social policy of the German Foremen’s Association (DWV), was a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), and served on the board of the General Federation of Free Employees. From 1926 to 1933, he lectured in sociology and social policy at the German Academy for Politics.
As a political refugee, he emigrated to Sweden in June 1934, where he had personal contacts. There he founded the Sociological Institute at Lund University in 1935 and directed it until 1939. He then taught at Stockholm University and worked for trade unions. Croner acquired Swedish citizenship in 1944 and never returned to Germany.
A central focus of his work was the sociology of white-collar workers. In contrast to Marxist theorists, Croner did not place white-collar workers within a social class but described them as a social stratum. Croner defined social strata based on similarities in economic conditions, social status, and value orientation.
Unlike blue-collar workers, he assigned four fundamental functions to white-collar workers in his functional theory: managerial, analytical-constructive, commercial, and administrative tasks.
The sociologist Croner earned his doctorate in 1921 under the supervision of Emil Lederer at the University of Heidelberg. He headed the department of social policy of the German Foremen’s Association (DWV), was a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), and served on the board of the General Federation of Free Employees. From 1926 to 1933, he lectured in sociology and social policy at the German Academy for Politics.
As a political refugee, he emigrated to Sweden in June 1934, where he had personal contacts. There he founded the Sociological Institute at Lund University in 1935 and directed it until 1939. He then taught at Stockholm University and worked for trade unions. Croner acquired Swedish citizenship in 1944 and never returned to Germany.
A central focus of his work was the sociology of white-collar workers. In contrast to Marxist theorists, Croner did not place white-collar workers within a social class but described them as a social stratum. Croner defined social strata based on similarities in economic conditions, social status, and value orientation.
Unlike blue-collar workers, he assigned four fundamental functions to white-collar workers in his functional theory: managerial, analytical-constructive, commercial, and administrative tasks.
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Ellen Citroen-Philippi was transported to Bergen-Belsen on February 15th 1944.